Acharya J. C. Bose founded the Institute in 1917, with the purpose of investigating fully "the many and ever opening problems of the nascent science which includes both life and non-life". Acharya Bose s early career included many marvelously inventive and pioneering experiments on electromagnetism which, in J. J. Thomson s words, marked "the dawn of the revival in India, of interest in researches in the Physical Sciences", and on the commonality of the response of plants and inorganic materials to electric and mechanical stimuli. Those early successes lay behind the stated purpose. Bose s successors remained true to that purpose.
Dr. D. M. Bose and Dr. Biva Chowdhury made the first experimental recording of Meson tracks. He made further pioneering contributions on the susceptibility measurement of paramagnetic compounds.
The institute was actively involved in pioneering discovery of Cholera Toxin and its role in the pathogenesis of Cholera by Prof. S. N. De. This led to breakthrough in understanding of the molecular mechanism of toxin-receptor interaction in microbial pathogenesis.